New York Giants vs Buffalo Bills Match Player Stats

New York Giants vs Buffalo Bills Match Player Stats

The New York Giants vs Buffalo Bills Match Player Stats from the August 9, 2025 NFL preseason opener provide a useful look at how both teams performed across passing, rushing, receiving, defense, special teams, and scoring. The New York Giants defeated the Buffalo Bills 34-25, but the final score alone does not explain how the game developed. The Giants produced a balanced passing performance with three passing touchdowns and no interceptions, while Buffalo generated more passing yards and a higher passer rating across its quarterbacks. For anyone studying the box score, the most interesting story is how different statistical strengths shaped the result.

The game was played as the opening week of the 2025 NFL preseason. New York finished with a 1-0 record, while Buffalo moved to 0-1. Because preseason games involve extensive rotation, the statistics should be interpreted differently from a regular-season contest. Quarterbacks, running backs, receivers, defensive players, and special teams contributors can all have very different roles from what they may eventually have during the regular season.

This makes preseason player statistics particularly useful for evaluating individual performances, roster competition, depth, execution, and opportunities rather than simply judging which team was better overall.

Table of Contents

New York Giants vs Buffalo Bills Match Player Stats Overview

The final score was:

Team Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Final
New York Giants 3 13 8 10 34
Buffalo Bills 0 10 7 8 25

The Giants scored in every quarter and gradually built their advantage. New York’s biggest scoring quarter came in the second, when it produced 13 points. Buffalo remained competitive, but the Bills never matched New York’s scoring output in any individual quarter.

The final nine-point margin also reflects an important statistical detail. Buffalo actually produced more passing yardage than New York, yet the Giants still won comfortably. That shows why raw yardage is not enough to understand a football game.

New York’s passing line was 35 completions on 51 attempts for 317 yards, three touchdowns, and zero interceptions. Buffalo completed 27 of 38 passes for 331 yards, also recording three passing touchdowns without an interception.

The difference came through several areas, including field-goal production, rushing volume, defensive pressure, turnovers, and the distribution of scoring opportunities.

Game Statistics at a Glance

New York Giants

  • 34 points
  • 35 completions on 51 attempts
  • 317 passing yards
  • 79 rushing yards
  • 3 passing touchdowns
  • 0 interceptions
  • 4 made field goals
  • 60 total defensive tackles
  • 2 sacks
  • 0 fumbles lost

Buffalo Bills

  • 25 points
  • 27 completions on 38 attempts
  • 331 passing yards
  • 58 rushing yards
  • 3 passing touchdowns
  • 0 interceptions
  • 1 made field goal
  • 72 total defensive tackles
  • 0 sacks
  • 1 fumble lost

The numbers immediately show that Buffalo was efficient through the air, while New York found more ways to convert its opportunities into points.

Giants Passing Performance

Passing was one of the strongest areas for New York. The Giants completed 35 of 51 attempts for 317 yards, averaging 6.2 yards per attempt. The team recorded three passing touchdowns and no interceptions, resulting in a reported 104.8 passer rating.

The most important feature of this performance was the distribution of quarterback snaps. New York used four quarterbacks, giving the box score a broader view of its quarterback depth.

Jaxson Dart

Jaxson Dart completed 12 of 19 passes for 154 yards.

His statistical line included:

  • 12 completions
  • 19 attempts
  • 154 yards
  • 8.1 yards per attempt
  • 1 touchdown
  • 0 interceptions
  • 106.0 passer rating

Dart produced the highest passing yardage total among the Giants quarterbacks in the supplied box score. His 8.1 yards per attempt also stood out compared with the overall team average of 6.2.

The 12 completions on 19 attempts represent a completion rate of approximately 63.2 percent. More importantly, he combined reasonable accuracy with explosive enough passing efficiency to average more than eight yards each time he completed a pass.

His 154 passing yards represented nearly half of the Giants’ total passing production.

For preseason analysis, that is a meaningful figure because quarterbacks are often evaluated not only by completion percentage but also by how effectively they create positive plays when given opportunities.

Tommy DeVito

Tommy DeVito completed 10 of 14 passes for 73 yards.

His line was:

  • 10 completions
  • 14 attempts
  • 73 yards
  • 5.2 yards per attempt
  • 1 touchdown
  • 0 interceptions
  • 107.1 passer rating

DeVito’s completion percentage was approximately 71.4 percent, the highest among the four listed Giants quarterbacks.

His average gain per attempt was lower than Dart’s, but his accuracy was strong. The combination of a high completion rate and a touchdown without an interception helped produce a reported 107.1 rating.

This is a good example of why quarterback evaluation cannot depend on a single statistic. Dart led the group in yardage, while DeVito completed a larger percentage of his throws.

Jameis Winston

Jameis Winston finished 7 of 11 for 62 yards, with one touchdown and no interceptions.

His statistical profile:

  • 7 completions
  • 11 attempts
  • 62 yards
  • 5.6 yards per attempt
  • 1 touchdown
  • 0 interceptions
  • 108.9 passer rating

His reported passer rating was the highest among the Giants quarterbacks in the supplied data.

Winston’s sample was smaller than Dart’s, which matters when comparing the numbers. A quarterback playing fewer snaps has fewer opportunities to experience negative plays, defensive adjustments, or difficult down-and-distance situations.

Still, the clean touchdown-to-interception ratio and strong reported rating made his appearance statistically efficient.

Russell Wilson

Russell Wilson completed 6 of 7 passes for 28 yards.

His numbers included:

  • 6 completions
  • 7 attempts
  • 28 yards
  • 4.0 yards per attempt
  • 0 touchdowns
  • 0 interceptions
  • 83.3 passer rating

Wilson was extremely accurate in his limited sample, completing approximately 85.7 percent of his attempts. However, the average gain was only 4.0 yards per attempt.

That illustrates another important point when reading preseason quarterback statistics: a high completion percentage does not automatically mean a quarterback generated a high level of offensive production.

Bills Passing Performance

Buffalo’s quarterbacks combined for 27 completions on 38 attempts, producing 331 passing yards. The Bills averaged 9.0 yards per attempt and recorded three passing touchdowns without an interception.

The reported team passer rating was 125.0, significantly higher than New York’s 104.8.

That is one of the clearest statistical contrasts in the game.

Buffalo was more efficient per passing attempt, while New York ultimately scored more points.

Mitchell Trubisky

Mitchell Trubisky completed 9 of 13 passes for 138 yards.

His line:

  • 9 completions
  • 13 attempts
  • 138 yards
  • 10.6 yards per attempt
  • 1 touchdown
  • 0 interceptions
  • 129.6 passer rating

The 10.6 yards per attempt figure was especially notable. Trubisky averaged more than ten yards for every pass attempt, indicating strong downfield efficiency during his sample.

His completion rate was approximately 69.2 percent, giving him both accuracy and substantial yardage production.

Mike White

Mike White completed 8 of 13 passes for 112 yards.

He recorded:

  • 8 completions
  • 13 attempts
  • 112 yards
  • 8.6 yards per attempt
  • 2 touchdowns
  • 0 interceptions
  • 128.8 passer rating

White’s two passing touchdowns were the most among the Buffalo quarterbacks listed in the supplied data.

His 8.6 yards per attempt also demonstrated strong efficiency. The combination of 112 yards and two touchdowns made his performance one of the more productive quarterback contributions on either side.

Shane Buechele

Shane Buechele completed 10 of 12 passes for 91 yards.

His statistical line:

  • 10 completions
  • 12 attempts
  • 91 yards
  • 7.6 yards per attempt
  • 0 touchdowns
  • 0 interceptions
  • 98.3 passer rating

Buechele’s completion rate was approximately 83.3 percent, the highest among the listed Buffalo quarterbacks.

Although he did not throw a touchdown, his accuracy and efficiency helped Buffalo maintain strong overall passing numbers.

Comparing the Quarterbacks

A direct comparison shows that both teams had several productive passing performances.

Quarterback Cmp/Att Yards YPA TD INT Rating
Jaxson Dart 12/19 154 8.1 1 0 106.0
Tommy DeVito 10/14 73 5.2 1 0 107.1
Jameis Winston 7/11 62 5.6 1 0 108.9
Russell Wilson 6/7 28 4.0 0 0 83.3
Mitchell Trubisky 9/13 138 10.6 1 0 129.6
Mike White 8/13 112 8.6 2 0 128.8
Shane Buechele 10/12 91 7.6 0 0 98.3

The numbers favor Buffalo in passing efficiency. However, New York’s four quarterbacks collectively delivered three touchdowns with no interceptions, allowing the offense to remain productive throughout the game.

The bigger lesson is that preseason quarterback statistics should be evaluated in context. Snap count, supporting cast, defensive personnel, field position, and game situation all influence the final numbers.

Giants Rushing Statistics

New York recorded 25 rushing attempts for 79 yards, averaging 3.2 yards per carry. The Giants did not record a rushing touchdown, and their longest run was 19 yards.

The overall rushing output was modest compared with the team’s passing production.

Jaxson Dart was the Giants’ leading rusher in the supplied data, with:

  • 3 carries
  • 24 yards
  • 8.0 yards per carry
  • 19-yard long

Dart’s 24 rushing yards came on only three attempts, giving him the highest average among the listed Giants rushing contributors.

Dante Miller carried the ball 10 times for 22 yards, averaging 2.2 yards per carry. His longest rushing play was 10 yards.

This creates an interesting contrast between Miller’s rushing role and his receiving production. His rushing average was limited, but he became one of the game’s more productive Giants pass catchers.

Bills Rushing Statistics

Buffalo finished with 15 rushing attempts for 58 yards, averaging 3.9 yards per carry. The Bills did not score a rushing touchdown, and their longest run went for 14 yards.

Ty Johnson led Buffalo’s rushing output:

  • 3 carries
  • 26 yards
  • 8.7 yards per carry
  • 14-yard long

Johnson’s average was higher than the Giants’ team rushing average, although his workload was small.

The Bills ran the ball ten fewer times than New York, which is another important factor when comparing the offenses. New York’s 25 rushing attempts represented a larger share of its overall offensive approach.

Receiving Leaders for New York

The Giants completed 35 passes to produce 317 receiving yards in the supplied receiving statistics. The team recorded three receiving touchdowns and targeted its receivers 50 times.

Dante Miller led New York in receptions and receiving yards.

Dante Miller

Miller recorded:

  • 7 receptions
  • 80 yards
  • 11.4 yards per reception
  • 0 touchdowns
  • 18-yard long
  • 7 targets

His seven receptions were the most for New York, while his 80 receiving yards were also the team high.

The combination of rushing and receiving made Miller one of the more versatile statistical contributors for the Giants.

Montrell Washington

Montrell Washington finished with:

  • 3 receptions
  • 60 yards
  • 20.0 yards per reception
  • 0 touchdowns
  • 29-yard long
  • 6 targets

His 20.0-yard average was one of the strongest receiving efficiency figures among the Giants’ leading contributors.

Lil’Jordan Humphrey

Lil’Jordan Humphrey recorded:

  • 2 receptions
  • 36 yards
  • 18.0 yards per reception
  • 1 touchdown
  • 28-yard long
  • 4 targets

Although his reception total was small, he produced a touchdown and averaged 18 yards per reception.

Jonathan Ward

Jonathan Ward added:

  • 4 receptions
  • 35 yards
  • 8.8 yards per reception
  • 1 touchdown
  • 21-yard long
  • 5 targets

His four receptions gave him a useful role in the Giants’ passing distribution, while his touchdown contributed directly to the team’s scoring output.

Buffalo Receiving Leaders

Buffalo’s receiving statistics showed even greater explosiveness. The Bills recorded 27 receptions for 341 receiving yards, averaging 12.6 yards per reception. They produced three receiving touchdowns and had 38 total targets.

Tyrell Shavers

Tyrell Shavers led Buffalo in receiving yardage:

  • 2 receptions
  • 70 yards
  • 35.0 yards per reception
  • 0 touchdowns
  • 58-yard long
  • 4 targets

The 58-yard reception was the longest receiving play listed for either team.

His 35.0-yard average shows how a small number of receptions can create a major impact on total offensive yardage.

Frank Gore Jr.

Frank Gore Jr. recorded:

  • 5 receptions
  • 50 yards
  • 10.0 yards per reception
  • 0 touchdowns
  • 19-yard long
  • 5 targets

His five receptions tied for a substantial share of Buffalo’s receiving workload.

KJ Hamler

KJ Hamler recorded one reception for 39 yards.

His single catch resulted in:

  • 39 yards
  • 39.0 yards per reception
  • 1 touchdown
  • 39-yard long
  • 1 target

This is a classic example of a high-impact limited opportunity. One reception accounted for 39 yards and a touchdown.

Stephen Gosnell

Stephen Gosnell added:

  • 4 receptions
  • 30 yards
  • 7.5 yards per reception
  • 0 touchdowns
  • 9-yard long
  • 4 targets

His production was less explosive than Shavers or Hamler, but his four receptions contributed to Buffalo’s overall offensive consistency.

Receiving Efficiency Tells a Different Story

One of the most useful ways to interpret the New York Giants vs Buffalo Bills Match Player Stats is to look beyond total receiving yards.

Buffalo averaged 12.6 yards per reception compared with New York’s 9.1. That is a sizable difference.

The Bills also produced the game’s longest listed reception, a 58-yard catch by Tyrell Shavers.

This suggests Buffalo’s passing attack created more explosive plays when its receivers connected with the quarterbacks.

New York, however, converted its passing opportunities into three touchdowns while also adding four field goals. That scoring efficiency helped explain why the Giants won despite Buffalo’s stronger passing yardage and receiving average.

Defensive Statistics

Defense often receives less attention in preseason box-score discussions, but the numbers from this game reveal another important difference.

New York recorded:

  • 60 total tackles
  • 36 solo tackles
  • 2 sacks
  • 2 tackles for loss
  • 3 pass defenses
  • 6 quarterback hits

Buffalo recorded:

  • 72 total tackles
  • 59 solo tackles
  • 0 sacks
  • 2 tackles for loss
  • 7 pass defenses
  • 6 quarterback hits

The Bills recorded more tackles and pass defenses, but New York generated the only sacks listed in the supplied data.

New York’s Pass Rush

Two sacks and six quarterback hits indicate that the Giants were able to create pressure even though Buffalo produced strong passing efficiency.

That distinction matters.

A defense can allow yardage while still generating disruptive plays. Sacks are particularly valuable because they can erase offensive momentum and create longer down-and-distance situations.

Buffalo’s Defensive Activity

Buffalo recorded 72 total tackles compared with New York’s 60.

The Bills also produced seven pass defenses, four more than New York.

However, the absence of a sack is notable. The Bills registered six quarterback hits but did not record a sack in the supplied statistics.

This suggests that Buffalo was active around the football but did not finish its pressure opportunities with sacks.

Turnovers and Ball Security

Turnovers were limited in the game.

Neither team threw an interception.

New York recorded zero fumbles and zero lost fumbles, while Buffalo recorded one fumble and lost it.

That gave the Giants a 1-0 advantage in turnover margin based on the supplied fumble and interception statistics.

In a game decided by nine points, avoiding giveaways is significant.

New York’s quarterbacks collectively protected the football through the air, and the team did not lose a fumble. Buffalo also avoided interceptions, but its one lost fumble provided New York with an additional possession opportunity.

The game therefore demonstrates an important principle of box-score analysis: turnover numbers can matter even when neither team throws an interception.

Special Teams Performance

Special teams played a meaningful role in the final score.

New York went 4-for-4 on field goals and 2-for-2 on extra points.

The Giants’ kicking production was:

  • 4 field goals made on 4 attempts
  • 100 percent field-goal rate
  • 53-yard long
  • 2 extra points made
  • 14 total kicking points

Graham Gano made 3 of 3 field goals, including a long of 53 yards, and converted his extra-point attempt.

Jude McAtamney made his only field-goal attempt from 42 yards and converted his extra point.

Buffalo made one field goal on one attempt, with a long of 24 yards, and converted both extra-point attempts.

Caden Davis made a 24-yard field goal and one extra point, while Ray Davis converted one extra point.

The difference was substantial. New York generated 14 kicking points compared with five for Buffalo.

That nine-point difference exactly matches the final margin.

In other words, the Giants’ advantage in kicking points was directly equal to the final winning margin.

That does not mean every field goal was individually responsible for the victory, but it highlights how efficiently New York converted scoring opportunities.

Kick and Punt Returns

New York recorded four kick returns for 91 yards, averaging 22.8 yards per return. The longest kick return was 40 yards.

The Giants also recorded five punt returns for 46 yards, averaging 9.2 yards per return.

Buffalo had:

  • 6 kick returns
  • 159 kick-return yards
  • 26.5-yard average
  • 32-yard long
  • 2 punt returns
  • 11 punt-return yards
  • 5.5-yard punt-return average

Buffalo therefore had the stronger kick-return average and greater total kick-return yardage.

Yet New York’s overall special teams scoring advantage was much more important to the final result.

Punting Comparison

The punting numbers also favored Buffalo in average distance.

New York punted four times for 181 yards, averaging 45.3 yards per punt. The longest punt was 57 yards, and one punt was placed inside the 20-yard line.

Buffalo punted six times for 318 yards, averaging 53.0 yards per punt. The longest punt was 61 yards, with three punts inside the 20 and one touchback.

Buffalo’s punting average was substantially higher, and its three punts inside the 20 indicate effective field-position work.

Still, strong punting could not compensate for the difference in scoring production.

Why Did the Giants Win?

The most interesting part of the New York Giants vs Buffalo Bills Match Player Stats is that the Giants did not dominate every major statistical category.

Buffalo had:

  • More passing yards
  • Higher yards per passing attempt
  • Higher overall passer rating
  • More receiving yards
  • Higher receiving average
  • More total tackles
  • More pass defenses
  • More kick-return yards
  • Higher punt average

Yet New York won 34-25.

Why?

1. New York Scored More Consistently

The Giants scored in every quarter.

Their quarter totals were 3, 13, 8, and 10.

Buffalo scored 0, 10, 7, and 8.

New York therefore avoided a scoreless quarter while Buffalo was shut out in the first quarter.

2. The Giants Maximized Field Goals

New York made four field goals.

Buffalo made one.

That five-to-four difference in field goals made translated into nine additional kicking points for New York because the Giants also converted all their extra points.

3. New York Protected the Football

The Giants had no turnovers listed.

Buffalo lost one fumble.

Neither team threw an interception, so ball security was generally good, but New York was perfect in the supplied turnover statistics.

4. New York Created Sacks

The Giants recorded two sacks.

Buffalo recorded none.

Even with Buffalo’s strong passing efficiency, the Giants were able to generate defensive plays that disrupted the quarterback.

5. The Giants Used More Rushing Attempts

New York carried the ball 25 times compared with Buffalo’s 15.

The Giants did not produce a rushing touchdown, but the additional rushing attempts provided balance to a passing-heavy offensive performance.

What the Box Score Says About Offensive Efficiency

A deeper look at the numbers shows a fascinating contrast.

Buffalo completed 27 of 38 passes, while New York completed 35 of 51.

Buffalo’s completion percentage was approximately 71.1 percent.

New York’s completion percentage was approximately 68.6 percent.

Buffalo therefore completed a greater percentage of its attempts while also averaging 9.0 yards per attempt compared with New York’s 6.2.

On paper, that makes Buffalo’s passing attack look more efficient.

But football efficiency is multidimensional.

New York had more passing attempts, more completions, three passing touchdowns, four field goals, and a nine-point victory.

The Giants also used more rushing attempts and avoided turnovers.

This is why a box score should be read as a collection of connected indicators rather than a leaderboard where the team with the most yards automatically wins.

Important Player Takeaways

Several players stand out statistically from the supplied data.

Jaxson Dart’s Versatility

Dart led the Giants in passing yardage and also led the team in rushing yards.

His 154 passing yards combined with 24 rushing yards gave him 178 yards of total offensive yardage from the two categories listed.

His 19-yard run was also the Giants’ longest rushing play.

Dante Miller’s Receiving Impact

Miller led the Giants with seven receptions and 80 receiving yards.

His receiving average of 11.4 yards per catch was solid, and his seven targets resulted in seven receptions according to the supplied statistics.

His rushing production was less impressive, with 22 yards on 10 attempts, but his receiving contribution made him a notable all-around offensive contributor.

Tyrell Shavers’ Big Play

Shavers needed only two receptions to accumulate 70 yards.

His 58-yard catch was the longest listed reception in the game and produced an average of 35 yards per reception.

That is a powerful reminder of how one explosive play can significantly change a receiver’s statistical profile.

Mike White’s Touchdown Production

White threw two touchdown passes in his 13 attempts.

Although his passing volume was limited, his touchdown production was highly efficient.

Graham Gano’s Perfect Night

Gano made all three of his field-goal attempts and his extra point.

His 53-yard field goal was the longest successful kick listed for New York and contributed directly to the Giants’ scoring advantage.

How to Read Preseason Player Stats Correctly

Preseason statistics can be valuable, but they should not be treated exactly like regular-season statistics.

Several factors make interpretation more complicated.

Limited Sample Sizes

A player may receive only a handful of opportunities.

For example, a receiver who catches one long pass can finish with an unusually high yards-per-reception figure.

Likewise, a quarterback with seven attempts may have a very high completion percentage that does not necessarily predict a full regular-season performance.

Changing Lineups

Teams frequently rotate players throughout preseason games.

A quarterback may throw to different receivers, play behind different offensive linemen, or face defenders with different roles.

That makes direct player-to-player comparisons less precise.

Roster Evaluation

Preseason games are also about evaluation.

Coaches can use these games to examine:

  • Backup quarterbacks
  • Running-back depth
  • Wide receiver competition
  • Special teams roles
  • Defensive depth
  • Young players
  • Position versatility
  • Ball security
  • Situational execution

Therefore, the value of a preseason stat often comes from context rather than from the number alone.

Statistical Summary

Here is a consolidated view of the major team categories.

Category Giants Bills
Final Score 34 25
Passing 35/51 27/38
Passing Yards 317 331
Passing TD 3 3
Interceptions 0 0
Rushing Attempts 25 15
Rushing Yards 79 58
Rushing TD 0 0
Receiving 35 receptions 27 receptions
Receiving Yards 317 341
Receiving TD 3 3
Field Goals 4/4 1/1
Extra Points 2/2 2/2
Total Tackles 60 72
Sacks 2 0
Pass Defenses 3 7
QB Hits 6 6
Lost Fumbles 0 1

The table makes the central story clear. Buffalo had several yardage and efficiency advantages, but New York was more effective at turning its opportunities into points.

Frequently Asked Questions

What was the final score of the Giants vs Bills preseason game?

The New York Giants defeated the Buffalo Bills 34-25 on August 9, 2025, in an NFL preseason Week 1 matchup.

Who led the Giants in passing?

Jaxson Dart led the Giants in passing yardage, completing 12 of 19 attempts for 154 yards, one touchdown, and no interceptions.

Who led Buffalo in passing?

Mitchell Trubisky led the listed Buffalo quarterbacks in passing yardage with 138 yards on 9 of 13 attempts, along with one touchdown and no interceptions.

Who was the Giants’ leading receiver?

Dante Miller led New York with seven receptions for 80 yards. He averaged 11.4 yards per reception.

Who was Buffalo’s leading receiver?

Tyrell Shavers led Buffalo in receiving yards with 70 yards on two receptions. His longest catch was 58 yards.

Which team had the better defensive statistics?

The answer depends on the category. Buffalo recorded more total tackles and pass defenses, while New York recorded the game’s two sacks. The Giants also won the game and finished with no lost fumbles.

Conclusion

The New York Giants vs Buffalo Bills Match Player Stats from August 9, 2025 show why football games cannot be explained by total yardage alone. Buffalo produced 331 passing yards and 341 receiving yards in the supplied statistics, while also posting a stronger passing average and higher reported passer rating. New York, however, converted its opportunities more effectively.

The Giants completed 35 passes for 317 yards, produced three passing touchdowns without an interception, ran the ball 25 times, recorded two sacks, and made all four of their field-goal attempts. Buffalo also produced three passing touchdowns without an interception, but the Bills lost one fumble and made only one field goal.

The kicking difference was particularly important. New York scored 14 points through field goals and extra points, while Buffalo recorded five points through those categories. The nine-point difference in kicking points matched the final 34-25 margin.

Among individual performances, Jaxson Dart stood out for his combination of passing and rushing production. Dante Miller was productive as a receiver, while Graham Gano delivered a perfect field-goal performance. For Buffalo, Mitchell Trubisky and Mike White posted efficient passing numbers, while Tyrell Shavers created the game’s longest listed reception.

Ultimately, the box score presents a balanced picture. Buffalo demonstrated considerable offensive efficiency, especially through the passing game, but New York was better at converting its overall opportunities into a winning score. For readers analyzing preseason football, that distinction is one of the most useful lessons from this matchup.

Similar Posts

2 Comments

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *